Month: September 2015

Antique Zinnias

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The first zinnia species introduced to the United States was Zinnia elegans from Mexico in 1793.  It was a single form; double forms were introduced in 1858.  Zinnia haageana, another Mexican species was introduced in 1876.  A nursery catalog from 1876 sent out by Henry H. Dreer of Philadelphia describes Zinnia haageana as “A double variety of Zinnia mexicana; flowers deep orange, margined in bright yellow.”  These species were crossed together and a wide color range created, as well as new flower forms.  Few old seed strains exist today; the oldest hybrid seed strains I have located are the ‘Cactus’ mix from 1928 and the ‘California Giants’ mix, also from 1928.

In the photos above, the red semi-double zinnia is one I grew this season, of the variety ‘Will Rogers’ from 1940.  The flowers of this strain are most often semi-double, but sometimes fully double.  The flowers are a beautiful warm shade of red.  The other two pictures above show the much smaller flowers of Zinnia peruviana, a species from Mexico with a range extending into South America.  These come in earthy yellow and red shades.

Zinnias can be started indoors if you need to start them early and in areas with cool or short summers transplants can be set out after danger of frost has passed.  The seedlings will need plenty of light in all stages of growth (inside, too) so they will not become thin and floppy.  Seeds can be direct sown about the date of the last frost or later if your season permits.  Zinnias enjoy heat and sun.  Some of the most prolific plants I have seen were grown in the desert Southwest, but they seem to do well in most of the U.S.  Why not try one or two older seed varieties of zinnia?

The Development of the Florist Pansies

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Pansies were developed in England in the early 1800s.  One Lady Mary Bennet, the daughter of the Earl of Tankerville made a heart-shaped flower bed in her garden at Walton-On-Thames, Surrey England, about the year 1812.  She collected wild specimens of Vila tricolor, known as “heartsease” and planted them together in the bed.  Her gardener, a Mr. Richardson, began saving seed.  The resulting plants attracted attention and soon Mr. Thompson, gardener to Lord Gambier began growing and selecting seed from both Viola tricolor and Viola lutea, another species native to Britain.   In 1830 Mr. Thompson discovered a seedling that had a small patch of color in the center of the bloom.  This is what gives the pansy a “face”.  Pansies as we know them today descend from this color breakthrough.

In nineteenth century England and Scotland enthusiastic garden hobbyists grew and developed several types of flowers, among them primroses, carnations, tulips and ranunculuses.  These very serious folk were known as “florists”.  They grew their own plants, traded and purchased choice cultivars and raised new plants for show from seed.  The flowers of each type of plant were required to conform to a set of rules for exhibition.  Outstanding varieties were named, exhibited and often propagated by cuttings and by 1835 more than 400 named varieties of pansy had been created.

Pansies are short-lived perennials and very few of the old show varieties are in existence today. Today most pansies are grown from seed.  The photographs above are of plants I grew from an English seed mix developed from the few remaining florist pansies left in existence.  Their flowers are larger than those of Viola tricolor, but smaller than modern pansies.

Pansies enjoy cool weather and thrive in climates with cool summers.  I have grown them in the cold climate of Montana, the coastal climate of Washington state and in the winter in the desert at Palm Springs.  Their culture is the same as for Viola tricolor.  Seeds of the old strains of pansy can be sown in winter inside for summer flowers, or sown in fall to flower in early spring until it gets too hot.

Viola tricolor

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Viola tricolor is one of the oldest cultivated plants. We see it in Medieval manuscripts and old herbals, including Gerard’s Great Herbal of 1596.  In Europe it is a common plant of woods, meadows and hedgerows and is known by several names among the country folk: “hearts-ease,”  “love-in-idleness,” “cat’s face,” “call-me-to-you,” “herb trinitas,” “three-faces-under-a-hood,” “jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me,”  and “johnny-jump-up.”  The species name “tricolor” refers to the white, purple and yellow of the small blooms.  The photo above shows a rather pale-colored flower of the true wild form from England. The name “pansie” or “pansy” is derived from the French pensee, which means “thoughts.”  What we think of now as pansies are hybrids of Viola tricolor and Viola lutea developed in the 1830s and I will discuss their origin in more detail in a later post.

As recent as one hundred years ago several named varieties of Viola tricolor were available.  Bright modern seeds strains can be found, but only one old variety still exists, ‘Bowles’ Black Viola.’  It comes true from seed and is a very dark purple, almost a true black, with a tiny golden eye.

Viola tricolor plants do well in part shade in a moderately rich, moist soil containing organic matter. They bloom best in cool weather and a site with morning sun seems ideal.  A good way to have these delicate flowers in abundance is to start them from seed in late summer to bloom in spring, or sow indoors in winter to set out in spring.  Seeds can be direct sown in fall to come up in the spring.  In climates with mild winters violas and pansies are often planted for winter flowers and removed when it gets hot.